Numbered Sources for Scotland the Brief

1 Progress Scotland (2019), ‘63% majority believe Scotland will become independent’: www.progressscotland.org/research/63-majority-believe-scotland-will-become-independent
2 BBC (2013), ‘Scottish Independence: What Have the Polls Been Saying?: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-24124631
3 3Scottish Government (2021) ‘Scottish Natural Capital Accounts: 2021’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-natural-capital-accounts-2021/
4 ONS (2021) ‘Population estimates’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates
5 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Scottish Natural Capital Accounts 2022’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-natural-capital-accounts-2022/
6 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Scottish Natural Capital Accounts: 2022’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-natural-capital-accounts-2022/
7 The figure is based on the author’s calculations following correspondence with the Food & Drink Federation: www.fdf.org.uk/statsataglance.aspx
8 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Results from the Scottish Agricultural Census: June 2021’: www.gov.scot/publications/results-scottish-agricultural-census-june-2021/; Gov UK (2022) ‘Livestock numbers in England and the UK’: www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/structure-of-the-livestock-industry-in-england-at-december
9 The percentages are based on Business for Scotland’s research and calculations: www.businessforscotland.com/scotland-is-one-of-the-worlds-most-naturally-wealthy-nations/
10 Figure calculated using inflation adjusted revenues for Norway revenues converted into £ using exchange rate of 1NOK = £0.087. Then compare this to inflation adjusted figures for UK found here: www.norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues/obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-march-2022/
11 The figure for Norway was obtained by taking the sum of the already-CPI adjusted net state revenue from oil and gas in Norway 1975-2018. The figure for the UK was obtained by taking the sum of the inflation adjusted net state revenue for the same time period, figures included in Oil and Gas authority states with 2017/18 as a baseline: www.norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues/; www.ogauthority.co.uk/media/5389/tax_table_mar_2019.pdf
12 BBC, ‘UK Oil and Gas Production Forecast Raised’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-47516655
13 The percentages are based on Business for Scotland’s research and calculations: www.businessforscotland.com/scotland-is-one-of-the-worlds-most-naturally-wealthy-nations/
14 Scotch Whisky Association (2022) ‘2021 exports show industry on road to recovery’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/newsroom/2021-exports-show-industry-on-road-to-recovery/; Gov UK (2022) ‘Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2021: Overseas Trade’: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agriculture-in-the-united-kingdom-2021/chapter-13-overseas-trade
15 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports statistics Scotland: 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
16 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports statistics Scotland: 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
17 Scottish Enterprise, ‘Survey of international activity in the oil and gas sector 2018/19’. www.scottish-enterprise.com/media/3825/se-international-oil-gas-survey-2018-19.pdf
18 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports statistics Scotland: 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
19 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports statistics Scotland: 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
20 Scottish Government (2022), ‘Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/
21 ONS (2022) ‘ International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2020
22 Scottish Government (2018), ‘Export Statistics Scotland 2018’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-stats-scotland-2018/; Office for National Statistics (2021), ‘Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020
23 UK (excluding Scotland) exports from: Office for National Statistics (2021), ‘Balance of Payments: Exports: Total Trade in Goods & Services: CP NSA £m Time Series’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/timeseries/ktmw
24 Fraser of Allander Institute (2017), ‘Employment Supported by Scottish Export Demand’, p.1: www.sbs.strath.ac.uk/economics/fraser/20170420/Exports-and-Employment-Scotland.pdf
25 Fraser of Allander Institute (2018), ‘Scotland in 2050: Realising our Global Potential’, p.2: www.sbs.strath.ac.uk/economics/fraser/20180919/Scotland_in_2050_Realising_our_global_potential.pdf
26 Author’s own calculations based on: Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports Statistics Scotland 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/; Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/
27 The Scottish Government (2019). ‘A Trading Nation – a plan for growing Scotland’s exports’: www.gov.scot/publications/fairer-scotland-duty-assessment-trading-nation-plan-grow-scotlands-exports/
28 The Scottish Government (2019) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts, Scotland 2018’, p.10: www2.gov.scot/Resource/0054/00546840.pdf
29 The Scottish Government (2019). ‘A Trading Nation – a plan for growing Scotland’s exports’: www.gov.scot/publications/fairer-scotland-duty-assessment-trading-nation-plan-grow-scotlands-exports/
30 The Electoral Commission, ‘EU referendum results’: www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information
31 Authors own calculations based on: ONS (2021) ‘United Kingdom population mid-year estimate’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/ukpop/pop; ONS (2022) ‘GDP- data tables’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/uksecondestimateofgdpdatatables; Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/; Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports Statistics Scotland 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/; Worldometer (2022) ‘Population- Northern Europe’: www.worldometers.info/population/europe/northern-europe/; World Bank (2021) ‘Exports of goods and services (current US$) – Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland’: data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?end=2018&locations=DK-NO-SE-FI&start=2018&view=chart; ExchangeRates UK (2022) ‘US Dollar to British Pound Spot Exchange Rates for 2018’: www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-GBP-spot-exchange-rates-history-2018.html
32 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Exports Statistics Scotland 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
33 The Electoral Commission (2022) ‘Results and turnout at the EU referendum’: www.electoralcommission.org.uk/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum
34 BBC News (2021), ‘UK exports to European Union drop 40% in January’: ww.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56370690; Office for National Statistics (2021), ‘UK trade: January 2021’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/january2021
35 Investment Week (2022), ‘Paris overtakes London as Europe’s most valuable stock market’: www.investmentweek.co.uk/news/4060135/paris-overtakes-london-europes-most-valuable-stock-market
36 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
37 Skills Development Scotland (2019) ‘Scotland’s Digital Technologies: Summary Report 2019’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/46258/scotlands-digital-technologies-summary-report.pdf
38 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Manufacturing: Space Sector’: www.gov.scot/policies/manufacturing/space-sector/
39 HIE (2022) ‘Space Hub Sutherland’: www.hie.co.uk/our-region/regional-projects/space-hub-sutherland/
40 Video Games Sales Wiki: ‘Grand Theft Auto’: vgsales.fandom.com/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto
41 European Commission (2021) ‘Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2021’: ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/46031
42 Scottish Parliament Information Centre (2018), ‘European Union Funding In Scotland’: sp-bpr-en-prod-cdnep.azureedge.net/published/2018/9/28/European-Union-funding-in-Scotland/SB%2018-61.pdf – Business for Scotland Calculations.
43 EY (2022) ‘How Scotland has become a strong and established investment choice’: www.ey.com/en_uk/attractiveness/22/scotland-leads-the-way-for-fdi-investment
44 Times Higher Education (2022) ‘World University Rankings 2022’: www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
45 The National (2018), ‘£5m Funding Will Match Firm with Experts’: www.thenational.scot/news/17203178.5m-funding-will-match-firms-with-experts/
46 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘Innovation and Entrepreneurship’: www.gov.scot/policies/supporting-business/innovation-and-entrepreneurship/ .
47 Eurostat (2018), ‘Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D, 2006 and 2016’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Gross_domestic_expenditure_on_R_%26_D,_2006_and_2016_(%25,_relative_to_GDP)_FP18.png
48 ONS (2022) ‘Research and development expenditure by the UK government: 2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/researchanddevelopmentexpenditure/bulletins/ukgovernmentexpenditureonscienceengineeringand technology/2020; and Eurostat (2022) ‘R&D expenditure in the EU at 2.3% of GDP in 2020’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20211129-2
49 Nesta (2017), ‘The New UK R&D Target: Why It’s Now Time To Move The Measurement Goalposts’: www.nesta.org.uk/blog/the-new-uk-rd-target-why-its-now-time-to-move-the-measurement-goalposts/
50 ONS (2022) ‘Research and development expenditure by the UK government: 2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/researchanddevelopmentexpenditure/bulletins/ukgovernmentexpenditureonscienceengineeringand technology/2020; Eurostat (2022) ‘R&D expenditure in the EU at 2.3% of GDP in 2020’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20211129-2
51 Nesta (2014), ‘When Small is Beautiful: Lessons from Highly Innovative Smaller Nations’, p.4: media.nesta.org.uk/documents/when20small20is20beautiful20final.pdf
52 Office of Rail and Road, ‘Estimates of station usage’: orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/39960/estimates-of-station-usage-2017-18-key-facts.pdf
53 Scottish Development International, ‘Why Choose Scotland’: www.sdi.co.uk/why-choose-scotland/infrastructure-and-connectivity
54 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘Why Choose Scotland: Infrastructure and Connectivity’: www.sdi.co.uk/why-choose-scotland/infrastructure-and-connectivity
55 The Scottish Parliament, ‘SPICe Briefing: Transport in Scotland’, p.16: www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-55_Transport_in_Scotland.pdf
56 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘Global Offices’: www.sdi.co.uk/about-us/global-offices
57 Juniper Research (2017), ‘Top 10 UK Smart Cities in 2017’: www.juniperresearch.com/resources/infographics/top-10-uk-smart-cities-in-2017-infographic
58 Scotland’s Environment, ‘Rivers and Lochs’: www.environment.gov.scot/media/1180/water-rivers-and-lochs.pdf
59 The Scottish Government (2019), ‘Annual Compendium of Scottish Energy Statistics: May 2019 Update’, p.13: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/publication/2019/05/energy-consumer-action-plan-putting-consumers-heart-scotlands-energy-transition/documents/annual-compendium-scottish-energy-statistics/annual-compendium-scottish-energy-statistics/govscot%3Adocument/annual-compendium-scottish-energy-statistics.pdf
60 The Scottish Government (2020), ‘Export and Labour Market: Export Statitics Scotland 2018’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2019/05/annual-compendium-of-scottish-energy-statistics/documents/annual-compendium-may-2019/annual-compendium-may-2019/govscot%3Adocument/Annual%2BCompendium%2Bof%2B Scottish%2BEnergy%2BStatistics.pdf
61 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘Climate Change Plan: Monitoring Report October 2018’, p.7: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/progress-report/2018/10/climate-change-plan-monitoring-report-2018/documents/00542587-pdf/00542587-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00542587.pdf
62 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Annual Energy Statement and Quarterly Statistics Bulletin’ www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2018/10/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins/documents/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/govscot%3Adocument/Scotland%2BEnergy%2BStats%2BQ3%2B2021.pdf
63 Scottish Government (2020) ‘Annual Energy Statement 2020’: www.gov.scot/publications/annual-energy-statement-2020/
64 The Scottish Government, ‘National Public Bodies Directory’: www.sdi.co.uk/about-sdi/global-offices
65 The Scottish Parliament, ‘Devolved and Reserved Matters’: www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx
66 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘Global Offices’: www.sdi.co.uk/about-us/global-offices
67 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘The Sustainable Economic Growth Commission’, p.30: static1.squarespace.com/static/5afc0bbbf79392ced8b73dbf/t/5b0a988c352f53c0a5132a23/1527421195436/SGC+Full+Report.pdf
68 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘The Sustainable Economic Growth Commission’, p.38
69 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘The Sustainable Economic Growth Commission’, p.41
70 SNIB (2022) ‘Scottish National Investment Bank’: www.thebank.scot/
71 Gov UK (2021) ‘Education and training statistics for the UK’: explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/education-and-training-statistics-for-the-uk; Eurostat (2022) ‘Educational attainment statistics’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_statistics
72 Universities Scotland (2022) ‘Giving graduates the skills they need’: www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/bite-size-briefings/giving-graduates-the-skills-they-need/
73 The National (2021) ‘Graduates leave Scottish universities with three times less debt than English counterparts’: www.thenational.scot/news/19140683.loan-repayment-cheaper-scottish-students-english-ones/
74 World Economic Forum, ‘Human Capital Index’: reports.weforum.org/global-human-capital-report-2017/dataexplorer/?doing_wp_cron=1561040155.6676580905914306640625; Eurostat (2019), ‘Population aged 25-64 by educational attainment’
75 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Labour market statistics’: www.gov.scot/collections/labour-market-statistics/
76 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Modern Apprenticeship Statistics’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/49413/modern-apprenticeship-statistics-quarter-1-2022-23.pdf
77 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Summary Statistics for Attainment and Initial Leaver Destinations, No.4: 2022 Edition’: www.gov.scot/publications/summary-statistics-attainment-initial-leaver-destinations-no-4-2022-edition/
78 UK Government Department of Education (2021), ‘Academic Year 2018/19 – 16-18 destination measures’: explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/16-18-destination-measures/2018-19
79 The Scottish Government (2020), ‘Scotland’s Labour Market: People, Places, and Regions – Statistics from the Annual Population Survey 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/pages/4/
80 The Scottish Government (2019), ‘Scottish Employer Perspectives Survey 2019’: www.gov.scot/news/scottish-employer-perspectives-survey-2019/
81 UK Government Department of Education (2018) ‘Employer Skills Survey 2017’, p.14: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/746493/ESS_2017_UK_Report_Controlled_v06.00.pdf
82 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Gender pay gap action plan: annual report’: www.gov.scot/publications/gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report/
83 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Labour Market Monthly Briefing’: www.gov.scot/publications/labour-market-monthly-briefing-august-2022/
84 Scottish Government (2015), ‘Scotland’s First Digital Skills Academy Opens its Doors’: news.gov.scot/news/scotlands-first-digital-skills-academy-opens-its-doors
85 BBC News (2022) ‘UK tech talent shortage threatens to stifle growth in the industry’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-62098767
86 Change both to: Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/
87 Change both to: Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/
88 Author’s own calculations: Scottish Government (2019), ‘Quarterly National Accounts, Scotland’; Scottish Government (2019), ‘Whole of Scotland Accounts Project’: www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/SNAP/satelliteaccounts; OECD (2019), ‘Value Added and its Components by Activity, ISIC Rev 4’: stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SNA_TABLE6A#
89 Statistics Norway (2022) ‘National accounts’: www.ssb.no/en/nasjonalregnskap-og-konjunkturer/nasjonalregnskap/statistikk/nasjonalregnskap
90 Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/
91 World Bank (2022) ‘GDP per capita (current US$)’: data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true
92 Norges Bank Investment Monitor (2022) ‘The fund’: www.nbim.no/; using exchange rate of 1 NOK = 0.085GBP
93 Gov UK (2022) ‘Statistics of government revenues from UK oil and gas production July 2021’: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/government-revenues-from-uk-oil-and-gas-production–2/statistics-of-government-revenues-from-uk-oil-and-gas-production-july-2021; Norwegian Petroleum (2022) ‘The government’s revenues’: www.norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues/
94 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
95 British Petroleum (2018), ‘BP Statistical Review of World Energy’
96 Author’s own calculations: Scottish Government (2019), ‘Quarterly National Accounts, Scotland’; Scottish Government (2019), ‘Whole of Scotland Accounts Project’; OECD (2019), ‘Value Added and its Components by Activity, ISIC Rev 4’: stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SNA_TABLE6A#
97 ONS (2022) ‘Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK: 2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/finalestimates/2020
98 The Scottish Government, ‘Renewable and low carbon energy’: www.gov.scot/policies/renewable-and-low-carbon-energy/
99 The Scottish Government (2021), ‘Energy Statistics for Scotland – Q4 2020 Figures’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2018/10/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins/documents/energy-statistics-summary—march-2021/energy-statistics-summary—march-2021/govscot:document/Scotland+Energy+Statistics+Q4+2020.pdf
100 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Quarterly energy statistics bulletins: March 2017 to June 2022’: www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins/
101 Scottish Energy Statistics Hub (2022) ‘Energy use in Scotland per day’: scotland.shinyapps.io/sg-energy/?Section=SystemSecurity&Chart=DailyDemand; Gov UK (2022) ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES): foreign trade statistics’: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dukes-foreign-trade-statistics
102 Net Zero Technology Centre (2021), ‘Scotland leads the way in hydrogen production’: www.netzerotc.com/insights/scotland-leads-the-way-in-hydrogen-production/
103 Community Energy Scotland (2022): communityenergyscotland.org.uk/
104 Gov UK (2020) ‘Energy Trends: June 2020’: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-june-2020
105 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Annual Energy Statement and Quarterly Statistics Bulletin’ www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2018/10/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins/documents/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/govscot%3Adocument/Scotland%2BEnergy%2BStats%2BQ3%2B2021.pdf
106 Offshore Wind Scotland (2022): www.offshorewindscotland.org.uk/; Wind Europe (2022) ‘Offshore Wind in EU Maritime Spatial Plans’: windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/product/offshore-wind-in-eu-maritime-spatial-plans/
107 Office for National Statistics (2022) ‘Renewable electricity capacity and generation’ www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables
108 Office for National Statistics (2022), ‘Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Final Estimates’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datasets/lowcarbonandrenewableenergy economyfirstestimatesdataset
109 Office for National Statistics (2022) ‘Low carbon and renewable energy economy statistics’ www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datasets/lowcarbonand renewableenergyeconomyfirstestimatesdataset
110 BBC (2017), ‘World’s First Floating Wind Farm Starts Generating Electricity’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-41652707
111 Independent (2018) ‘ Wind and Solar Power Investment Crashed After Government Cut Funding, Show New Figures’: www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/wind-power-solar-investment-drop-uk-government-funding-environment-figures-budget-a8162261.html
112 Office for National Statistics (2022) ‘Low carbon and renewable energy economy statistics’ www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datasets/lowcarbonandrenewable energyeconomyfirstestimatesdataset
113 Press and Journal (2021) ‘Ditching north-east carbon capture scheme a ‘serious mistake’’: www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/3562278/ditching-north-east-carbon-capture-scheme-a-serious-mistake/
114 Reuters (2022) ‘UK’s Boris Johnson goes nuclear with swansong energy investment’: www.reuters.com/business/energy/uk-invest-700-mln-pounds-new-nuclear-plant-pm-johnsons-swansong-2022-09-01/
115 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Oil and gas production statistics: 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/oil-and-gas-production-statistics-2019/
116 Oil Price (2022) ‘Oil Price Charts’: oilprice.com/oil-price-charts/#Brent-Crude; The Guardian (2022) ‘Revealed: oil sector’s ‘staggering $3bn-a-day profits for last 50 years’: www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/revealed-oil-sectors-staggering-profits-last-50-years
117 The Guardian (2022), ‘Revealed: oil sector’s ‘staggering’ $3bn-a-day profits for last 50 years’: www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/revealed-oil-sectors-staggering-profits-last-50-years
118 BBC (2014),’North Sea Oil: Facts and Figures’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26326117
119 The Guardian (2019), ‘Discovery of the Biggest UK Gas Field in a Decade Raises Industry Hopes’: www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/29/discovery-of-biggest-uk-gas-field-in-a-decade-glengorm-north-sea
120 Equinor (2022) ‘New oil and gas discovery by the North Sea Troll and Fram area’: www.equinor.com/news/202204-discovery-troll-area
121 Opito (2018), ‘UKCS – Workforce Dynamics: The Skills Landscape 2019-2025’, p.7: downloads.opito.com/downloads/Publications/UKCS-Workforce-Dynamics-The-Skills-Landscape-2019-2025.pdf?mtime=20190501185622
122 BP (2018), ‘BP Starts-Up Claire Ridge Production’: www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bp-starts-up-clair-ridge-production.html
123 Oil and Gas People (2014),’Scottish West Coast Untapped Oil and Gas Reserves Worth Billions’: www.oilandgaspeople.com/news/1039/scottish-west-coast-untapped-oil-and-gas-reserves-worth-billions/
124 STV News (2022) ‘Rosebank oil and gas field ‘could be worth over £24bn to UK economy’’: news.stv.tv/north/rosebank-north-sea-oil-and-gas-field-could-be-worth-over-24bn-to-economy-says-equinor
125 Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2022) ‘Oil and Gas Decommissioning Sector Plan’: sectors.sepa.org.uk/media/1148/oil-gas_sector-plan_final_singlepage_-360916_sct0619469992.pdf
126 Offshore Energy Today(2018). ‘No coherent plan for UK oil and gas industry, Unite warns‘; www.offshoreenergytoday.com/no-coherent-plan-for-uk-oil-and-gas-industry-unite-warns/
127 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
128 OGUK (2021) Workforce & Employment Insight 2021’: oeuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/08/OGUK_Workforce-Employment-Insight-2021-z07os0.pdf
129 Oil and Gas UK (2019), ‘Workforce Report 2018’, p.10-12: oilandgasuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OGUK-Workforce-Report-2018.pdf
130 The Scottish Government (2021), ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
131 The Guardian (2022) ‘Big oil’s quarterly profits hit £50bn as UK braces for even higher energy bills’: www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/02/big-oil-profits-energy-bills-windfall-tax
132 Offshore Energy (2022) ‘New North Sea projects targeting 1.3 billion barrels of oil and gas’: www.offshore-energy.biz/new-north-sea-projects-targeting-1-3-billion-barrels-of-oil-and-gas/
133 Scottish Enterprise, ‘Survey of international activity – in the oil and gas sector 2018/19’: www.scottish-enterprise.com/media/3825/se-international-oil-gas-survey-2018-19.pdf
134 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Export Statistics Scotland 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
135 The Scottish Government (2020), ‘Economy and Labour Market – Export Statistics Scotland 2018’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2020/01/export-statistics-scotland-2018/documents/export-statistics-scotland-2018—publication/export-statistics-scotland-2018—publication/govscot%3Adocument/Export%2BStatistics%2BScotland%2B2018%2B-%2BPublication.pdf
136 Scottish Government (2017), ‘Energy in Scotland: Get the facts’: www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20170104134816/www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Facts
137 The Guardian (2019), ‘Discovery of the Biggest UK Gas Field in a Decade Raises Industry Hopes’: www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/29/discovery-of-biggest-uk-gas-field-in-a-decade-glengorm-north-sea
138 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Oil and gas production statistics’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2021/03/oil-and-gas-production-statistics-2019/documents/oil-and-gas-production-statistics-2019—full-publication/oil-and-gas-production-statistics-2019—full-publication/govscot%3Adocument/Oil%2Band%2BGas%2BProduction%2B2019%2B-%2Bstatistical%2Bbulletin%2Bv2.pdf
139 Scottish Government (2018), ‘Oil and Gas Production Statistics 2017-18’: www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/oilgas1718
140 CMS Law-Now (2021) ‘Life after Brexit- Implications for the upstream oil and gas sector’: www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2021/01/life-after-brexit-implications-for-the-upstream-oil-and-gas-sector?cc_lang=en
141 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Climate Change: UK emissions trading scheme’: www.gov.scot/policies/climate-change/emissions-trading-scheme/
142 OEUK (2021) ‘Workforce Insight Report 2021’: oeuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/08/OGUK_Workforce-Employment-Insight-2021-z07os0.pdf
143 Business for Scotland (2022) ‘Oil and gas giants gain from tax cuts as Scottish fuel bills to rise’: www.businessforscotland.com/oil-and-gas-giants-gain-from-tax-cuts-as-scottish-fuel-bills-to-rise/
144 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
145 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
146 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
147 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
148 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Supporting documents: Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2021’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-sea-fisheries-statistics-2021/documents/
149 House of Commons Library (2022) ‘UK Fisheries Statistics’: commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn02788/
150 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Scottish Fish Farm Production Survey 2020’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-fish-farm-production-survey-2020/pages/5/
151 Scotland is now, ‘Food and drink’: www.scotland.org/about-scotland/food-and-drink
152 NFU Scotland (2018), ‘What We Produce’: www.nfus.org.uk/farming-facts/what-we-produce.aspx
153 The Scottish Government (2013), ‘Scotland’s future and Scottish fisheries’, p.3: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2014/08/scotlands-future-scottish-fisheries/documents/00458445-pdf/00458445-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00458445.pdf
154 Author’s personal correspondence with Scotland’s Rural College SRUC Research Team
155 Guardian (2021) ‘Farmers in UK devolved nations face big drops in income post-Brexit’: www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/07/uk-farmers-in-devolved-nations-face-big-drops-in-income-post-brexit
156 The Scotsman (2022) ‘Westminster call for more seasonal farm workers’: www.scotsman.com/country-and-farming/westminster-call-for-more-seasonal-farm-workers-3537516
157 Food Standards Scotland (2022) ‘FSS warns of significant risks to consumers from the Retained EU Law Bill’: www.foodstandards.gov.scot/news-and-alerts/fss-warns-of-significant-risks-to-consumers-from-the-retained-eu-law-bill
158 Food Standards Scotland (2015) ‘The Food (Scotland) Act 2015’: www.foodstandards.gov.scot/business-and-industry/safety-and-regulation/regulation-legislation/the-food-scotland-act-2015
159 Business for Scotland (2021) ‘£13 billion food and drink sector is key to Scotland’s wealth’: www.businessforscotland.com/13-billion-food-and-drink-sector-is-key-to-scotlands-wealth/
160 Scotch Whisky Association (2018), ‘Facts and figures’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
161 Scotch Whisky Association (2022), ‘Facts and figures’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
162 Scotch Whisky Association (2018), ‘Facts and figures’
163 The Herald (2021) ‘Who owns Scotland’s whisky revealed as nearly 70% owned by non-Scots firms’ www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/19439659.owns-scotlands-whisky-revealed-nearly-70-owned-non-scots-firms/
164 Forbes (2018),’The 4 Companies Behind 3/4 Of All Scotch Whisky Production’: www.forbes.com/sites/felipeschrieberg/2016/09/28/the-4-companies-behind-34-of-all-scotch-whisky-production/
165 Scotch Whisky Association (2022), ‘Facts and figures’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
166 Scotch Whisky Association (2022), ‘Facts and figures’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
167 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth Sector Statistics’ Database – Table 1.2 www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
168 SPICe Spotlight (2019) ‘Brewing and distilling: a barrel full of employment’ spice-spotlight.scot/2019/11/12/brewing-and-distilling-a-barrel-full-of-employment/
169 O’Connor, A (2018) ‘Brewing and distilling in Scotland,’ SPICe briefing, p.5
170 Brewing Industry Leadership Group (2018), ‘Brewing Up A Storm’, p.4: www.foodanddrink.scot/media/1871/brewing-strategy.pdf
171 Food and Drink Scotland (2018) ‘Brewing Up A Storm: A growth strategy for Scotland’s brewing industry’: foodanddrink.scot/resources/sector-strategies/brewing-up-a-storm/
172 SPICe Spotlight (2019) ‘Brewing and distilling: a barrel full of employment’ spice-spotlight.scot/2019/11/12/brewing-and-distilling-a-barrel-full-of-employment/
173 SPICe Spotlight (2019) ‘Brewing and distilling: a barrel full of employment’ spice-spotlight.scot/2019/11/12/brewing-and-distilling-a-barrel-full-of-employment/
174 World Whisky Day, ‘Whisky Producing Countries: France’: www.worldwhiskyday.com/whisky-countries-france/
175 Scotch Whisky Association (2018), ‘Facts and figures.’
176 Scotch Whisky Association (2022) ‘2021 exports show industry on road to recovery’ www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/newsroom/2021-exports-show-industry-on-road-to-recovery/
177 Scottish Whisky Association (2017), ‘Value of Scotch Exports Grows in First Half of 2017’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/news/value-of-scotch-exports-grows-in-first-half-of-2017/#.W04R5n4o-34
178 SPICe Spotlight (2019) ‘Brewing and distilling: a barrel full of employment’: spice-spotlight.scot/2019/11/12/brewing-and-distilling-a-barrel-full-of-employment/
179 Scotch Whisky Association (2018), ‘International Trade’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
180 Forbes (2021) ‘Brexit Is Costing The Scotch Whisky Industry £5 Million A Week’ www.forbes.com/sites/felipeschrieberg/2021/08/12/brexit-is-costing-the-scotch-whisky-industry-5-million-a-week/?sh=4dfdf7132c15
181 Scotch Whisky Association (2022) ‘International Trade’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/international-trade/
182 Scotch Whisky Association (2022), ‘Facts and figures’: www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/facts-figures/
183 Scottish Whisky Association (2017) ‘Scotch Whisky and Brexit’: scotch-whisky.org.uk/media/1529/swa-brexit-brief-feb-2017.pdf
184 Business for Scotland (2018) ‘Scotch Whisky Export Records Broken’: www.businessforscotland.com/scotch-whisky-export-records-broken/
185 The City UK (2021) ‘Enabling growth across the UK 2021’: www.thecityuk.com/media/2y2fniji/enabling-growth-across-the-uk-2021-uk-based-financial-and-related-professional-services.pdf
186 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessments’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/what-we-do/skills-planning/sectoral-skills-assessments/
187 The Scottish Government (2018) ‘Growth Sector Statistics’ Database – Table 1.2
188 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics – Financial and business services’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
189 The City UK (2021) ‘Enabling growth across the UK 2021: UK-based financial and related professional services’: www.thecityuk.com/our-work/enabling-growth-across-the-uk-2021-uk-based-financial-and-related-professional-services/
190 The City UK (2021) ‘Enabling growth across the UK 2021’: www.thecityuk.com/media/2y2fniji/enabling-growth-across-the-uk-2021-uk-based-financial-and-related-professional-services.pdf
191 Barclays (2021), ‘Barclays unveils state-of-the-art campus in Glasgow’: home.barclays/news/press-releases/2021/10/barclays-unveils-state-of-the-art-campus-in-glasgow/
192 Hannah Burley (2019), ‘Scotland finance exports grow faster than London’, The Scotsman: www.scotsman.com/business/companies/scottish-finance-exports-grow-faster-than-london-1-4901150
193 The City (2018), ‘Exporting from across Britain’, p.7: www.thecityuk.com/assets/2018/Reports-PDF/d698e98915/Exporting-from-across-Britain.pdf
194 The City (2018), ‘Exporting from across Britain’, p.19
195 The City (2019), ‘Enabling growth across the UK 2019’, p.30-31
196 The City (2019), ‘Exporting from across Britain 2019’, p.20
197 The City (2022) Exporting from across Britain: Financial and related professional services 2022’: www.thecityuk.com/our-work/exporting-from-across-britain-2022/
198 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics- Financial and business services’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
199 The Scottish Government (2019), ‘Export Statistics Scotland’, p41: www.gov.scot/publications/export-statistics-scotland-2019/
200 TheCityUK (2021) ‘Enabling growth across the UK 2021’: www.thecityuk.com/media/2y2fniji/enabling-growth-across-the-uk-2021-uk-based-financial-and-related-professional-services.pdf
201 The Scotsman (2020) ‘Stark warning for jobs as Brexit ‘fog’ envelops Scotland’s financial sector’: www.scotsman.com/business/stark-warning-jobs-brexit-fog-envelops-scotlands-financial-sector-3060736
202 EY (2022) ‘EY Financial Services Brexit Tracker: Movement within UK financial services sector stabilises five years on from Article 50 trigger’: www.ey.com/en_uk/news/2022/03/ey-financial-services-brexit-tracker-movement-within-uk-financial-services-sector-stabilises-five-years-on-from-article-50-trigger
203 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/
204 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Building a New Scotland- A stronger economy with independence: Currency and fiscal policy’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/pages/8/
205 SNIB (2022) ‘Scottish National Investment Bank’: www.thebank.scot/
206 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
207 Scottish Enterprise, ‘Life Science Cluster Database’
208 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
209 Life Sciences Scotland (2017), ‘Life Sciences Strategy for Scotland – ‘2025 Vision’: www.lifesciencesscotland.com/about-life-sciences-scotland/strategy
210 University of Dundee (2017) ‘Dundee named as world centre of pharmaceutical innovation’: app.dundee.ac.uk/news/2017/dundee-named-as-world-centre-of-pharmaceutical-innovation.php
211 Royal Academy of Engineering (2022) ‘Spotlight on Spinouts: UK academic spinout trends’: raeng.org.uk/media/cdvj3jjv/spotlight-on-spinouts-2022-uk-academic-spinout-trends-v2.pdf
212 University of Dundee, ‘Research Impact’: www.dundee.ac.uk/research/aboutourresearch/researchimpact/
213 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘Growth Sector Statistics’ Database – Table 5.2
214 Life Sciences in Scotland, ‘Animal Bioscience, Aquaculture and Agritech’: www.lifesciencesscotland.com/key-subsectors/animal-bioscience-aquaculture-agritech
215 Life Sciences in Scotland, ‘Animal Bioscience, Aquaculture and Agritech’
216 Life Sciences in Scotland, ‘Animal Bioscience, Aquaculture and Agritech’
217 Life Sciences in Scotland, ‘Animal Bioscience, Aquaculture and Agritech’
218 Life Sciences in Scotland, ‘Animal Bioscience, Aquaculture and Agritech’
219 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics- Life sciences’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
220 The Scotsman (2022) ‘Life Sciences: On target to achieve ambitious objective’: www.scotsman.com/business/life-sciences-on-target-to-achieve-ambitious-objective-3744088
221 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Exports Statistics Scotland’: www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/Exports/ESSPublication/ESSExcel
222 Bird & Bird (2021) ‘Brexit: Life Sciences implications’: www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2016/uk/brexit-life-sciences-implications
223 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Scotland: A trading nation’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/life-and-chemical-sciences/
224 Scottish Government (2022) ‘State of the economy: May 2022- Trade’ www.gov.scot/publications/state-economy-2022/pages/5/#:~:text=Compared%20to%202020%2C%20Scotland’s%20goods,2019%20prior%20to%20the%20pandemic.
225 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘Chemical Sciences and Industrial Biotech’: www.sdi.co.uk/key-sectors/chemical-science
226 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessment: Life and Chemical Sciences’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/48813/life-and-chemical-sciences-ssa.pdf
227 Research Excellency Framework (2021) ‘Unit of Assessment 8: Chemistry’: results2021.ref.ac.uk/profiles/units-of-assessment/8
228 The Guardian (2021) ‘Best UK universities for chemistry- league table’: www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2021/sep/11/best-uk-universities-for-chemistry-league-table
229 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘Chemical Sciences and Industrial Biotech’: www.sdi.co.uk/key-sectors/chemical-sciences
230 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessment: Life and Chemical Sciences’ www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/48813/life-and-chemical-sciences-ssa.pdf; Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth sector statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
231 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Scotland: A trading nation’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/life-and-chemical-sciences/
232 Chemical Parks EU (2022) ‘INEOS at Grangemouth backs bid for Forth Green Freeport’: chemicalparks.eu/news/ineos-grangemouth-forth-green-freeport
233 University of Strathclyde (2021) ‘Medicines Manufacturing Innovation Centre set to Transform UK Pharma’: www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2021/medicinesmanufacturinginnovation centresettotransformukpharma/
234 Renfrewshire Council (2022) ‘World-first £56 million medicine manufacturing centre to be located at AMIDS in Renfrewshire’: www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/7579/World-first-56million-medicine-manufacturing-centre-to-be-located-at-AMIDS-in-Renfrewshire and Pharmaceutical Technology (2021) ‘Medicines Manufacturing Innovation Centre, Renfrewshire, Scotland’: www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/medicines-manufacturing-innovation-centre-renfrewshire/
235 University of Strathclyde (2022) ‘A digital future for the process industries with new Ayrshire technology centre’: www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2022/digitalprocessmanufacturingcentre/
236 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Scotland: A trading nation- Life and chemical sciences’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/life-and-chemical-sciences/
237 Deloitte (2021) ‘Why has the UK missed out on a trade boom?’: www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/tax/articles/why-has-the-uk-missed-out-on-a-trade-boom.html
238 House of Commons Library (2021) ‘End of Brexit transition: chemicals regulation (Reach)’: researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8403/CBP-8403.pdf
239 Chemical Parks EU (2022) ‘INEOS at Grangemouth backs bid for Forth Green Freeport’: chemicalparks.eu/news/ineos-grangemouth-forth-green-freeport
240 University of Strathclyde (2022) ‘A digital future for the process industries with new Ayrshire technology centre’: www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2022/digitalprocessmanufacturingcentre/
241 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessment: Digital Technologies’ www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/48805/digital-technologies-ssa.pdf
242 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessment: Digital Technologies’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/48805/digital-technologies-ssa.pdf
243 Skills Development Scotland (2019) ‘Scotland’s Digital Technologies: Summary Report 2019’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/46258/scotlands-digital-technologies-summary-report.pdf
244 Tech Nation (2021) ‘Jobs and Skills Report 2021’ technation.io/jobs-and-skills-report-2021/#executive-summary
245 Ernst & Young (2022) ‘Leading the way: EY Attractiveness Survey Scotland 2022’ www.ey.com/en_uk/attractiveness/22/scotland-leads-the-way-for-fdi-investment
246 www.sfc.ac.uk/publications-statistics/statistical-publications/2021/SFCST032021.aspx; www.sfc.ac.uk/publications-statistics/statistical-publications/statistical-publications-2018/SFCST042018.aspx; www.whatuni.com/postgraduate-courses/search?subject=computer-science&location=scotland
247 Scottish Government (2022) ‘National Performance Framework: Productivity’ nationalperformance.gov.scot/chart/productivity
248 ScotlandIS (2022) ‘Scottish Technology Industry Survey’ www.scotlandis.com/scottishtechsurvey/
249 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Growth Sector Statistics’: www.gov.scot/publications/growth-sector-statistics/
250 The Scottish Government (2019), ‘Growth Sector Statistics’ Database – Table 1.2
251 The Scottish Games Network (2022) ‘Scotland’s Games Industry Growing More Quickly That The UK’ scottishgames.net/2022/05/11/scottish-games-industry-growing-more-quickly-than-uk-may-22/
252 ScotlandIS (2022) ‘Scottish Technology Industry Survey’: www.scotlandis.com/scottishtechsurvey/
253 ScotlandIS (2022) ‘Scottish Technology Industry Survey 2022’: www.scotlandis.com/scottishtechsurvey/
254 Migration Observatory (2022) ‘Net migration to the UK’: migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/long-term-international-migration-flows-to-and-from-the-uk/
255 Migration Observatory (2022) ‘EU Migration to and from the UK’: migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/eu-migration-to-and-from-the-uk/
256 Scottish Business News (2022) ‘6th annual Scottish Startup Survey reveals resilient tech companies in the face of economic headwinds’: scottishbusinessnews.net/6th-annual-scottish-startup-survey-reveals-resilient-tech-companies-in-the-face-of-economic-headwinds/
257 Scottish Government (2021) ‘A changing nation: how Scotland will thrive in a digital world’: www.gov.scot/publications/a-changing-nation-how-scotland-will-thrive-in-a-digital-world/pages/foreword/
258 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Building a New Scotland- The Building a New Scotland Fund’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/pages/9/
259 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Sectoral Skills Assessment: Creative Industries’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/48819/creative-industries-ssa.pdf
260 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Creative Industries: Overview’: www.gov.scot/policies/creative-industries/
261 Edinburgh Festival City (2020) ‘Overview of Festival Numbers’: www.edinburghfestivalcity.com/about/documents/1106-overview-of-festival-numbers; CEBR (2019) ‘The Times- Edinburgh’s £1bn Fringe benefits’: cebr.com/reports/the-times-edinburghs-1bn-fringe-benefits/
262 Chortle (2022) ‘Edinburgh Fringe ticket sales down 26.7 per cent’: www.chortle.co.uk/news/2022/08/29/51663/edinburgh_fringe_ticket_sales_down_26.7_per_cent
263 Scottish Government (2019) ‘The National Islands Plan: Plana Nàiseanta nan Eilean’: www.gov.scot/publications/national-plan-scotlands-islands/documents/
264 Edinburgh International Book Festival (2022) ‘About Us’: www.edbookfest.co.uk/about-us
265 Audit Scotland (2016) ‘Supporting Scotland’s Economic Growth’: www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2016/nr_160714_economic_growth.pdf
266 Creative Scotland (2018), ‘£3million fund to boost television production announed’: www.creativescotland.com/what-we-do/latest-news/archive/2018/08/3million-fund-to-boost-television-production-announced
267 Insider (2022) ‘Scottish TV and film industry ‘could be worth £1 billion by 2030’’ www.insider.co.uk/news/scottish-tv-film-industry-could-27306548
268 Nordicity (2022) ‘Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019’: www.nordicity.com/de/cache/work/173/Nordicity_Economic%20Value%20of%20the%20Screen%20Sector%20in%20Scotland%202019.pdf
269 Creative Scotland (2017), ’Implications of the UK European Union membership referendum for the creative and cultural sector in Scotland: Report on survey findings’: www.creativescotland.com/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0006/36681/EU-Referendum-Creative-Cultural-Sector-Scotland-Survey-Findings.pdf
270 The Herald (2019) ‘Brexit ‘scuppers £1bn Lord of the Rings shoot in Scotland’: www.heraldscotland.com/news/17750537.brexit-scuppers-1bn-lord-rings-shoot-scotland/
271 Creative Scotland (2017), ’Implications of the UK European Union membership referendum’: www.creativescotland.com/resources/professional-resources/research/creative-scotland-research/implications-of-the-uk-european-union-membership-referendum-for-the-creative-and-cultural-sector-in-scotland-report-on-survey-findings
272 Journal of Rural Studies (2017) ‘Broadband and the creative industries in rural Scotland’: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016716303436
273 The Scotsman (2022) ‘Perfect storm’ warning for Scottish arts sector amid fears of ‘significant’ funding cuts’: www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/perfect-storm-warning-for-scottish-arts-sector-amid-fears-of-significant-funding-cuts-3869072
274 Business for Scotland (2022) ‘Independence should boost Scottish broadcasting’: www.believeinscotland.org/scottish-tv-industry-should-double-following-independence/
275 UCU (2020) ‘Study shows Scotland’s universities support tens of thousands of jobs and generate billions for the economy’ www.ucu.org.uk/article/10924/Study-shows-Scotlands-universities-support-tens-of-thousands-of-jobs-and-generate-billions-for-the-country
276 Universities Scotland (2022) ‘Prosperity and inclusion: Higher education and the wellbeing economy’ www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/UniScot-Prosperity-Inclusion.pdf
277 Scottish Government (2019) ‘Scotland: A Trading Nation’ www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/documents/
278 Universities Scotland (2017), ‘Going for Growth’, p. 1
279 Universities Scotland (2017), ‘Going for Growth’, p. 3
280 Universities Scotland (2022) ‘Record breaking widening access success highlighted in new figures’ www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/record-breaking-widening-access-success-highlighted-in-new-figures/
281 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘The Impact of International Students in Scotland’, p.15
282 Universtities Scotland, ‘Member Universities’: www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/member-universities
283 Author’s own calculations based on ARTU (2021) ‘Top 200 per capita for 2021’: research.unsw.edu.au/artu/capita
284 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population by educational attainment level, sex and NUTS 2 regions (%)’ Available at: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EDAT_LFSE_04/default/table?lang=en&category=reg.reg_educ.reg_educ_
285 Scottish Funding Council (2022) ‘Record first choice acceptances for Scots’: www.sfc.ac.uk/news/2022/news-90935.aspx
286 Scottish Funding Council (2022) ‘Record first choice acceptances for Scots’: www.sfc.ac.uk/news/2022/news-90935.aspx
287 Scottish Parliament (2018), ‘European Union Funding in Scotland’: digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/Report/2018/9/28/European-Union-funding-in-Scotland
288 SPICe Spotlight (2022) ‘The UK’s Shared Prosperity Fund: Competing Claims’: spice-spotlight.scot/2022/05/17/the-uk-shared-prosperity-fund-competing-claims/
289 British Heart Foundation (2022) ‘Government announces ‘Plan B’ for European research funding’: www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/news-from-the-bhf/news-archive/2022/july/government-announces-plan-b-for-european-research-funding
290 The Press and Journal (2021) ‘’Deeply concerning’: Brexit blamed for plummeting EU numbers applying to Scottish universities’: www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/3387007/deeply-concerning-brexit-blamed-for-plummeting-eu-student-numbers-applying-to-scottish-universities/
291 Scottish Government (2021) ‘The Brexit vote, 5 years old- what do we know so far?’: www.gov.scot/publications/brexit-vote-5-years-know-far/pages/5/
292 The National (2019) ‘Brexit: Scotland hit by brain drain as 2500 EU academics quit’: www.thenational.scot/news/18125830.brexit-scotland-hit-brain-drain-2500-eu-academics-quit/
293 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Scottish Annual Business Statistics 2020’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-annual-business-statistics-2020/documents/
294 Skills Development Scotland (2022) ‘Regional Skills Assessment: Highlands and Islands’: www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/49107/rsa-regional-report-highlands-and-islands.pdf
295 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Housing Statistics 2020 & 2021: Key Trends Summary’: www.gov.scot/publications/housing-statistics-2020-2021-key-trends-summary/pages/5/; ONS (2021) ‘Affordable Housing Supply: April 2020 to March 2021, England’: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034043/AHS_2020-21.pdf”
296 Scottish Housing News (2018), ’10,000 Workers Needed to Meet Demand in Scottish Construction Sector’: www.scottishhousingnews.com/article/10000-workers-needed-meet-demand-scottish-construction-sector
297 Insider, ‘Comment: Building on our country’s strength to drive the economy forward’: www.insider.co.uk/special-reports/comment-building-countrys-strength-drive-10634282
298 Dundee and Angus College (2018), ’Regional Outcome Agreement’: www.aspenpeople.co.uk/DNA/docs/D-A%20College%20ROA%202018-19%20Final%20V3.pdf
299 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘St James Quarter Redefined Retail-Led, Mixed-Use Regeneration in the UK’: www.sdi.co.uk/news-features/news-and-feature-articles/edinburgh-st-james-sustainable-regeneration
300 The Scottish Government (2018), ’Scotland’s Construction Industry: Workforce, Imports and Housing Demands’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/minutes/2018/11/joint-housing-policy-and-delivery-group-meeting-november-2018/documents/jhpdg-november-2018-scotlands-construction-and-housing/jhpdg-november-2018-scotlands-construction-and-housing/govscot%3Adocument/JHPDG%2B-%2BScotland%2527s%2BConstruction%2Band%2BHousing%2BIndustry.pdf
301 Scottish Housing News (2021) ‘Scottish construction hit by unprecedented perfect storm of soaring costs, material shortages and lack of labour’: www.scottishhousingnews.com/articles/scottish-construction-hit-by-unprecedented-perfect-storm-of-soaring-costs-material-shortages-and-lack-of-labour
302 Buildsafe (2022) ‘The Impact of Brexit on the Construction Industry’: buildsafe.co.uk/the-impact-of-brexit-on-the-construction-industry/
303 Scotland is Now: www.scotland.org/news/scotland-voted-most-beautiful-country-in-the-world
304 www.gov.scot/publications/business-support-covid-19-equality-impact-assessments/pages/42/#:~:text=Scottish%20tourism%20in%202019%20was,229%2C000%20(5%25%20increase).
305 www.gov.scot/publications/business-support-covid-19-equality-impact-assessments/pages/42/#:~:text=Scottish%20tourism%20in%202019%20was,229%2C000%20(5%25%20increase).
306 The Scottish Government (2018), ’Understanding the Scottish Rural Economy: Research Paper’: www.gov.scot/publications/understanding-scottish-rural-economy/pages/1/
307 Visit Scotland (2018), ‘Attractions See Increase in Visitors’: www.visitscotland.org/news/2019/asva-visitor-figures-2018
308 BBC (2018), ‘Why are tourists flocking to Scotland?’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-43418122
309 Visit Scotland (2018), ‘Attractions See Increase in Visitors’: www.visitscotland.org/news/2019/asva-visitor-figures-2018
310 BBC (2018), ‘Scotland’s Hotels Outperform rest of UK’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-43856439
311 Visit Scotland (2020) ‘Key facts on tourism in Scotland 2019’:www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers-2/key-facts-on-tourism-in-scotland-2019.pdf
312 Historic Environment Scotland (2018), ‘Record-breaking visitor figures at Scotland’s historic sites’: www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/record-breaking-visitor-figures-at-scotland-s-historic-sites/
313 Edinburgh Festivals (2015), ‘Impact Study’, p.14: www.edinburghfestivalcity.com/assets/000/001/964/Edinburgh_Festivals_-_2015_Impact_Study_Final_Report_original.pdf?1469537463
314 Edinburgh Festivals (2015), ‘Impact Study’, p.17
315 Scottish Golf (2017), ‘Golf Tourism Driving Scotland’s Economy’: www.scottishgolf.org/golf-tourism-driving-scotlands-economy/
316 Scottish Government, European Friends of Scotland: www.gov.scot/groups/european-friends-of-scotland/
317 Scottish Government (2022) ‘European Friends of Scotland-Overview’: www.gov.scot/groups/european-friends-of-scotland/
318 The Scotsman (2022) ‘Poll reveals one in three Scottish tourism and hospitality operators at risk of collapse’: www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/one-in-three-scottish-tourism-and-hospitality-operators-at-risk-of-collapse-3524488
319 Scottish Tourism Alliance (2022) ‘Scottish tourism bookings down as cost-of-living crisis bites’: scottishtourismalliance.co.uk/scottish-tourism-bookings-down-as-cost-of-living-crisis-bites/
320 The Migration Observatory (2022) ‘Net migration to the UK’: migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/long-term-international-migration-flows-to-and-from-the-uk/
321 The Herald (2022) ‘Brexit cited as tourism chief warns of harm to Scotland’s reputation’: www.heraldscotland.com/politics/23037642.brexit-cited-tourism-chief-warns-harm-scotlands-reputation/
322 ADS Group (2017), ‘Scotland’s Space Sector Plays Leading Role as ADS Industries Grow to £6bn’: www.adsgroup.org.uk/news/newsroom/scotland-s-space-sector-plays-leading-role-as-ads-industries-grow-to-6bn/ – Additional author correspondence with ADS Group.
323 Development International (2022) ‘Space Industry In Scotland’: www.sdi.co.uk/key-sectors/digital-and-technology-industries/space
324 The Scottish Government (2019), ‘Scotland’s £4bn Space Sector’: news.gov.scot/news/scotlands-gbp-4-billion-space-sector
325 Author correspondence with ADS Group
326 Development International (2022) ‘Space Industry In Scotland’: www.sdi.co.uk/key-sectors/digital-and-technology-industries/space
327 London Economics (2018), ‘Size and Health of the UK Space Industry 2018’, p.22: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/774450/LE-SHUKSI_2018-SUMMARY_REPORT-FINAL-Issue4-S2C250119.pdf
328 The Press and Journal (2018), ‘Sutherland Spaceport Could Create 400 Jobs’: www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands/1522054/sutherland-spaceport-could-create-400-jobs-and-reverse-population-decline/
329 BBC (2017), ‘Scottish space industry soaring high’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/38804310
330 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Manufacturing- Space sector’:www.gov.scot/policies/manufacturing/space-sector/
331 BBC (2018), ‘Plans for First Rocket Launch Dedicated to Scottish Satelite’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44194126
332 Scottish Development International (2022) ‘The Rise of Scotland’s Space Industry’: www.sdi.co.uk/news-features/news-and-feature-articles/the-rise-of-scotlands-space-industry
333 Satellite Today (2022) ‘The story and promise of Scotland’s space industry’: interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/september-2022/the-story-and-promise-of-scotlands-space-industry/
334 GeoSpatial World (2022) ‘Scotland’s space sector set to become greenest on Earth’: www.geospatialworld.net/prime/scotlands-space-sector-become-greenest-on-earth/
335 The University of Edinburgh (2022) ‘Bayes Centre News: Scotland’s space sector set to become greenest on Earth’: www.ed.ac.uk/bayes/media-centre/news/current-news/scotlands-space-sector-set-to-become-greenest
336 European Parliament (2018), ‘EU Space Programme’: www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/628300/EPRS_BRI(2018)628300_EN.pdf
337 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence- Scotland’s economic potential’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/pages/7/
338 Carers Scotland (2022) ‘Carers Week 2022: Rising pressures on Scotland’s unpaid carers as public backing for greater support grows’: www.carersuk.org/scotland/news/carers-week-2022-rising-pressures-on-scotland-s-unpaid-carers-as-public-backing-for-greater-support-grows
339 Carers Trust (2015), ‘Carers Trust Scotland’: carers.org/country/carers-trust-scotland
340 www.carersuk.org/scotland/news/carers-week-2022-rising-pressures-on-scotland-s-unpaid-carers-as-public-backing-for-greater-support-grows
341 www.carersuk.org/scotland/news/carers-week-2022-rising-pressures-on-scotland-s-unpaid-carers-as-public-backing-for-greater-support-grows
342 The Scottish Government (2015), ‘Scotland’s Carers’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-carers/
343 Scottish Government (2022) ‘National Care Service – adult social care: equality evidence review’: www.gov.scot/publications/national-care-service-adult-social-care-scotland-equality-evidence-review/pages/6/
344 The Scottish Government (2015), ‘Scotland’s Carers’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-carers/
345 Close the Gap (2017), ‘Women, Work and Poverty in Scotland: What You Need to Know’: www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/1—Women-work-and-poverty-what-you-need-to-know.pdf
346 The Scottish Government (2018),’ Over 75,000 Carers Receive New Payment’: www.gov.scot/news/over-75-000-carers-receive-new-payment/
347 Daily Record (2022) ‘New payment set to replace Carer’s Allowance next year will offer ‘improved service’ for all claimants’: www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/money/carers-allowance-replaced-next-year-28456552
348 World Bank (2022), ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’: info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports
349 Scottish Government (2020) ‘Scottish Social Attitudes 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-social-attitudes-2019-attitudes-government-political-engagement/documents/
350 World Bank (2022), ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’: info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports
351 Scottish Government (2020), ‘Scottish Social Attitudes 2019: attitudes to government and political engagement’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-social-attitudes-2019-attitudes-government-political-engagement/pages/4/
352 Scottish Government (2020), ‘Scottish Social Attitudes 2019: attitudes to government and political engagement’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-social-attitudes-2019-attitudes-government-political-engagement/pages/4/
353 NHS Digital (2021) ‘Hospital Accident & Emergency Activity 2020-21’: digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/hospital-accident–emergency-activity/2020-21#resourcesfiles.digital.nhs.uk/3C/68AC3E/AE2021%20Home%20Nations%20Comparison.xlsx
354 IFS (2021) ‘Public service spending in Scotland: trends and key issues’: ifs.org.uk/publications/public-service-spending-scotland-trends-and-key-issues; StatsWales (2022) ‘NHS expenditure per head by budget category and year’: statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Health-Finance/NHS-Programme-Budget/nhsexpenditureperhead-by-budgetcategory-year
355 The Complete University Guide (2022) ‘NHS Bursary’: www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/student-advice/finance/nhs-bursary; Cardiff University (2022) ‘NHS Bursary’: www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/funding/funding-your-healthcare-course/nhs-bursary
356 Nuffield Trust (2022) ‘The number of GPs per 100,000 population’: www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/chart/the-number-of-gps-per-100-000-population
357 What Scotland Thinks (2014), ‘Do you think health and safety regulations, consumer protection and competition law should be devolved to the Scottish government, or remain with Westminster?’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/do-you-think-health-and-safety-regulations-consumer-protection-and-competition
358 What Scotland Thinks (2014), ‘Should the Scottish Parliament Have Control Over VAT’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/should-the-scottish-parliament-have-control-over-vat
359 What Scotland Thinks (2014), ‘Should the Scottish Parliament Have Control Over Corporation Tax’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/should-the-scottish-parliament-have-control-over-corporation-tax-1
360 What Scotland Thinks (2014) ‘Do you believe the new powers devolved to the Scottish Parliament should include control of oil and gas tax revenues generated in Scottish waters?’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/do-you-believe-the-new-powers-devolved-to-the-scottish-parliament-should-inclu-3
361 What Scotland Thinks (2021) ‘Do you think the Prime Minister and Westminster or the First Minister and Holyrood should have the most power and responsibility with respect to welfare in Scotland?’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/do-you-think-the-prime-minister-and-westminster-or-the-first-minister-and-holyrood-should-have-the-most-power-and-responsibility-with-respect-to-welfare-in-scotland/
362 What Scotland Thinks (2014), ‘Do You Think how Elections to the Scottish Parliament are Run Should be Devolved to the Scottish Government’: whatscotlandthinks.org/questions/do-you-think-how-elections-to-the-scottish-parliament-are-run-should-be-devolve
363 House of Lords, Select Committee on the Constitution, ‘12th Report of Session 2009–10: Referendums in the United Kingdom’: publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/99/99.pdf
364 Eurostat (2022) ‘Gross Domestic Product at market prices’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TEC00001/default/table?lang=en&category=na10.nama10.nama_10_ma
365 Office for National Statistics (2015), ‘Population Density Tables’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationdensitytables; Scottish Government (2019), ‘Facts and Figures About Scotland’s Sea Area’: marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms
366 Scottish Government (2022), ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/; ONS (2022), ‘Gross domestic product (Average) per head, CVM market prices: SA’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihxw/pn2
367 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
368 OECD (2022), ‘Gross domestic product (GDP)’: data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm
369 OECD (2022), ‘Trade in goods and services’: data.oecd.org/trade/trade-in-goods-and-services.htm
370 OECD (2021), ‘OECD Pensions at a Glance’: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/pensions-at-a-glance-2021_ca401ebd-en
371 Eurostat (2019),’Population and Population Change Statistics’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_and_population_change_statistics#Population_change_at_a_national_level
372 IMF (2022) ‘General government gross debt’: www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/BEL/GBR
373 The Global Economy (2022) ‘Compare Countries’: www.theglobaleconomy.com/compare-countries/
374 Scotianomics (2022): “Investigation into the the requirement for and optimum level of a Wellbeing Pension”
375 OECD (2019), ‘Net pension replacement rates’
376 Author’s own calculations: OECD (2019), ‘Average Usual Weekly Hours Worked on the Main Job’: stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AVE_HRS; OECD (2019); ‘Employment Rate’: data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm#indicator-chart; OECD (2019), ‘Gross Domestic Product’: data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm
377 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
378 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
379 ONS (2021) ‘Scotland population mid year estimate’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/scpop/pop
380 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
381 Eurostat (2022) ‘Population on 1 January’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en
382 Eurostat (2022) ‘GDP and main components’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en
383 Eurostat (2022) ‘GDP and main components’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en
384 Eurostat (2022) ‘GDP and main components’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en
385 Eurostat (2022) ‘GDP and main components’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en
386 Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/
387 Scottish Government (2022), ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 2 (April to June)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q2/
388 Author’s own calculations
389 OECD (2021), ‘Pensions at a Glance 2021’: www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm
390 OECD (2015), ‘Income inequality’: data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm
391 OECD (2022), ‘Gross domestic product’: data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm
392 World Bank (2022) ‘GDP growth (annual %) – OECD members’: data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2021&locations=OE&start=2021&view=map
393 OECD (2021), ‘Hospital beds’: data.oecd.org/healtheqt/hospital-beds.htm
394 OECD (2021), ‘Health spending’: data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm
395 OECD (2020), ‘Air and GHG emissions’: data.oecd.org/air/air-and-ghg-emissions.htm
396 World Happiness Report (2022), ‘Happiness, Benevolence, and Trust During COVID-19 and Beyond’: worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/happiness-benevolence-and-trust-during-covid-19-and-beyond/#ranking-of-happiness-2019-2021
397 OECD (2021), ‘General government debt’: data.oecd.org/gga/general-government-debt.htm
398 OECD (2022), ‘Trade in goods and services’: data.oecd.org/trade/trade-in-goods-and-services.htm#indicator-chart
399 OECD (2021), ‘GDP per hour worked’: data.oecd.org/lprdty/gdp-per-hour-worked.htm
400 Author’s personal correspondence with ADSGroup
401 Scottish Financial Review (2019), ‘Scots Space Industry ‘To Be Worth £4bn By 2030’: scottishfinancialreview.com/2019/03/14/scotlands-space-industry-to-be-worth-4bn-by-2030/
402 Office for National Statistics (2022), ‘Gross domestic product (Average) per head, CVM market prices: SA’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihxw/pn2; Scottish Government (2022), ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 1 (January to March)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q1/#:~:text=In%202022%20Quarter%201%20(January,quarter%20published%20on%201%20June
403 Scottish Government (2022), ‘Labour Market Trends: September 2022’: www.gov.scot/publications/labour-market-trends-september-2022/; Office for National Statistics (2022), ‘Labour market overview, UK: September 2022’: www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/september2022
404 Scottish Government (2022): ‘Labour Market Statisticsfor 16 to 24 year olds: Scotland and UK – April 2021 to March 2022’: www.gov.scot/publications/labour-market-statistics-for-16-to-24-year-olds-scotland-and-the-united-kingdom-april-2021-to-march-2022/; Eurostat (2022): ‘Unemployment Statistics’: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Unemployment_statistics#Youth_unemployment
405 Office for National Statistics (2022), ‘Employee earnings in the UK: 2021’: www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2021
406 Scottish Government (2021), ‘A Fairer Scotland For Women: Gender Pay Gap Action Plan Annual Report’: www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/progress-report/2021/03/gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report/documents/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report/govscot%3Adocument/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report.pdf
407 Scottish Government, ‘Labour market statistics’: www.gov.scot/collections/labour-market-statistics/
408 The Scottish Parliament (2018), ‘Scotland’s Economic Performance’, p.20-22: sp-bpr-en-prod-cdnep.azureedge.net/published/EJFW/2018/6/21/Scotland-s-Economic-Performance-1/EJFWS052018R05.pdf
409 EY (2022), ‘How Scotland has become a strong and established investment choice’: www.ey.com/en_uk/attractiveness/22/scotland-leads-the-way-for-fdi-investment
410 Scottish Government (2022), Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics 2019’: www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics-2019/pages/2/#:~:text=2.1%20Marine%20economic%20key%20points&text=The%20Scottish%20marine%20economy%20provided,terms%20of%20turnover%20and%20GVA%20.
411 Scottish Government (2018), ‘Export Statistics Scotland 2018’: www.gov.scot/publications/export-stats-scotland-2018/; Office for National Statistics (2021), ‘Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020
412 UK (excluding Scotland) exports from: Office for National Statistics (2021), ‘Balance of Payments: Exports: Total Trade in Goods & Services: CP NSA £m Time Series’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/timeseries/ktmw
413 The Herald (2022) ‘Over two-thirds of Scots want to rejoin the EU’: www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20681698.two-thirds-scots-want-rejoin-eu/
414 Office for Budget Responsibility (2022) ‘The latest evidence on the impact of Brexit on UK trade’: obr.uk/box/the-latest-evidence-on-the-impact-of-brexit-on-uk-trade/
415 Bloomberg (2022) ‘Watch: UK Economy ‘Permanently Damaged by Brexit’: www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-14/uk-economy-permanently-damaged-by-brexit-michael-saunders
416 Twitter (@implausibleblog) (2022) ‘“We will be paying more tax because of Truss and Kwarteng’s Brexit mini budget which was a disaster.. And we are not discussing the cost of Brexit” Roula Khalaf, Editor of the Financial Times’: twitter.com/implausibleblog/status/1591730850382897153
417 Twitter (@BBCPolitics) ‘“Brexit… has had a substantially negative effect on the UK economy” Paul Johnson, the director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, says that leaving the EU has made some of Britain’s economic problems worse #BBCLauraK’: twitter.com/BBCPolitics/status/1591770199631736832
418 This Is Money (2022) ‘Most of UK inflation is ‘caused by Brexit’, former BoE policymaker claims as government delays full import checks again until end of 2023’: www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-10763327/Adam-Posen-UK-inflation-caused-Brexit.html
419 University College London (2020) ‘Foreign investment expected to fall 37% post-Brexit’: www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/oct/foreign-investment-expected-fall-37-post-brexit
420 The Guardian (2022) ‘UK businesses slash investments due to soaring prices and Brexit’: www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/01/uk-businesses-slash-investments-due-to-soaring-prices-and-brexit
421 Scottish Government (2022) ‘European Structural and Investment Funds’: www.gov.scot/policies/european-structural-funds/
422 The Guardian (2021) ‘Farmers in UK devolved nations face big drops in income post-Brexit’: www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/07/uk-farmers-in-devolved-nations-face-big-drops-in-income-post-brexit
423 Scottish Government (2022) ‘EU replacement funding £151 million less in first year’: www.gov.scot/news/eu-replacement-funding-gbp-151-million-less-in-first-year/
424 Economics Observatory (2022) ‘Levelling up: what might it mean for Scotland?’: www.economicsobservatory.com/levelling-up-what-might-it-mean-for-scotland
425 SPICe Spotlight (2022) ‘The UK Levelling-up and Regeneration Bill – overview and Part 1’: spice-spotlight.scot/2022/10/21/the-uk-levelling-up-and-regeneration-bill-overview-and-part-1/
426 Sky News (2022) ‘George Eustice brands Australia free trade deal a ‘failure’ in brutal swipe at Liz Truss’: news.sky.com/story/george-eustice-brands-australia-free-trade-deal-a-failure-in-brutal-swipe-at-liz-truss-12747723#
427 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence- Boosting trade and re-opening our borders with Europe’: www.gov.scot/publications/building-new-scotland-stronger-economy-independence/pages/10/
428 The National (2021) ‘Angela Merkel ally David McAllister offers to help Scotland with EU matters’: www.thenational.scot/news/19119469.angela-merkel-ally-david-mcallister-offers-help-scotland-eu-matters/
429 The National (2022) ‘German MEP Terry Reintke on Scotland in the EU: ‘You could for sure count on my support’’: www.thenational.scot/news/20252312.german-mep-terry-reintke-scotland-eu-you-sure-count-support/
430 Politico (2021) ‘Haste Ye Back! How Scotland could return to the EU’: www.politico.eu/article/haste-ye-back-how-scotland-could-rejoin-the-european-union/
431 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/
432 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/
433 Authors calculations based on: the Scottish Government (2018), ‘Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland 2017-18’, p.27; a composite of Scottish Government, local authority and public corporations spending
434 Scottish Government (2022) ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/
435 BBC (2018), ‘Scottish public finances show improvement’: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-45260268; The Scotsman (2019), ‘Scottish Government demands more powers to deal with financial “blackhole”’: www.scotsman.com/news/politics/scottish-government-demands-more-powers-to-deal-with-financial-blackhole-1-4943775
436 Author’s own calculation, based on Scottish Government (2022) ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/
437 Based on the author’s calculations of the cumulative amount of UK public sector debt interest assigned to Scotland since 1980/81, as this appears in GERS
438 The Scottish Government’s experimental data: www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/GERS/RelatedAreas/LRfiscalbalances2014
439 Based on the author’s calculations in line with the GERS figures and the Scottish Government’s experimental data: www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/GERS/RelatedAreas/LRfiscalbalances2014
440 ONS (2022) ‘UK government debt and deficit: March 2022’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicspending/bulletins/ukgovernmentdebtand deficitforeurostatmaast/march2022
441 Based on the author’s calculations of what would the case be if Scotland were not burdened with the UK public sector debt interest since 1980/81, when GERS was first published
442 Based on the author’s calculations of what would be the difference between the current cumulative position of Scotland’s finances, according to GERS, and the cumulative financial position of Scotland without the UK public sector debt interest
443 Based on the author’s calculations of the case in which Scotland were not burdened by the UK public sector debt interest and decided to put the accumulated, since 1980/81, surpluses into an oil fund similar to that of Norway’s and with the same annual rates of return as Norway’s
444 Norges Bank Investment Management (2022) ‘The fund’: www.nbim.no/en/ (Based on exchange rate of 1 NOK: 0.085 GBP)
445 Based on the author’s calculations: 385bn of the worth of the hypothetical Scotland’s national oil/pension fund plus the cumulative illustrative deficit of £162.5bn of the GERS reports
446 Business for Scotland video channel, ‘A pound spent in Croydon is far more of value to the country than a pound spent in Strathclyde’; www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N2AlpxRY9c
447 UK Government (2019), ‘Working for DVLA’: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and-vehicle-licensing-agency/about/recruitment
448 Authors calculations: Scotland population percentage share of total (6,000) staff at DVLA
449 Institute for Government (2022) ‘Civil service pay’: www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/civil-service-pay
450 Author’s own calculations based on number of new jobs multiplied by UK median civil servant salary.
451 ONS (2022) ‘Family spending workbook 2: expenditure by income’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/expenditure/datasets/familyspendingworkbook2expenditurebyincome
452 Author’s own calculation: basic VAT rate of 20% applied to total estimated spending of 498 civil servants
453 Author’s own calculation: based on average office price per square foot: Lambert Smith Hampton (2019), ‘Explore Costs’: www.lsh.co.uk/tocs/metrics
454 authors own calculations (conservative estimate)
455 The Scottish Government (2018), ‘The Sustainable Economic Growth Commission’, p.38
456 Authors own calculations based on: Health and social care funding (2019): www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/blogs/health-and-social-care-funding
457 Authors own calculations based on salary ranges for medical staff published on April 2019
458 ONS (2022) ‘UK government debt and deficit: March 2022’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicspending/bulletins/ukgovernmentdebtanddeficitforeurostatmaast/march2022
459 Financial Times (2022) ‘UK growth set to be worst in G20 apart from Russia, OECD warns’: www.ft.com/content/ee2ce542-eb19-48c1-9a1d-57a8200a47ae
460 OECD (2021) ‘Pensions at a glance 2021’: www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm
461 World Bank (2019), ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’: databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators
462 UK Parliament (2022), ‘Trade: Key Economic Indicators’: commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn02815/#:~:text=The%20UK%20generally%20imports%20more,%C2%A318%20billion%20in%202021
463 Yahoo Finance (2022) ‘UK workers have lost £9,200 a year in wages since 2008’: uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/uk-workers-lost-wages-230156135.html
464 ONS (2022) ‘People in employment on zero hours contracts’: www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/emp17peopleinemploymentonzerohourscontracts
465 Trade Union Congress (2019), ‘British workers putting in longest hours in the EU, TUC analysis finds‘: www.tuc.org.uk/news/british-workers-putting-longest-hours-eu-tuc-analysis-finds
466 ONS (2022) ‘International comparisons of UK productivity (ICP), final estimates: 2020’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputand productivity/productivitymeasures/bulletins/internationalcomparisonsof productivityfinalestimates/2020
467 Tax Foundation (2020) ‘Gas taxes in Europe’: taxfoundation.org/gas-taxes-in-europe-2020/
468 Alston, P. (2018), ‘Statement on Visit to the United Kingdom, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations – Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights‘: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Poverty/EOM_GB_16Nov2018.pdf
469 The Guardian (2019) ‘Austerity to blame for 130,000 ‘preventable’ UK deaths – report’: www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/01/perfect-storm-austerity-behind-130000-deaths-uk-ippr-report
470 Goldman Sachs (2022), ‘The UK is Expected to Slide into a More ‘Significant’ Recession’: www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/the-uk-is-expected-to-slide-into-a-more-significant-recession.html
471 Wishart, P (2016), ‘House of Lords Reform and Size of the House of Commons‘ Hansard: hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2016-10-19/debates/CA0685E2-6A97-43EE-8524-94C27A53AB25/HouseOfLordsReform AndSizeOfTheHouseOfCommons
472 North Sea Transition Authority (2022), ‘Government revenues from UK oil and gas production’: www.nstauthority.co.uk/exploration-production/taxation/government-revenues-from-uk-oil-and-gas-production/; Norwegian Petroleum (2022), ‘The Government’s Revenues’: www.norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues/
473 Statista, ‘Brent Crude oil prices from 2014 to 2020’: www.statista.com/statistics/409404/forecast-for-uk-brent-crude-oil-prices/
474 ONS (2018), ‘The 2008 Recession 10 Years On: A Decade After the Beginning of the Recession, How Has The UK Economy Recovered?’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/the2008recession10yearson/2018-04-30
475 The Scottish Government (2014), ‘Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2013-14/
476 UK Oil and Gas Authority (2019), ‘Government Revenues from UK oil and gas production’
477 UK Government (2017), ‘Petroleum Revenue Tax’: www.gov.uk/guidance/oil-gas-and-mining-petroleum-revenue-tax
478 UK Government (2015), ‘Oil and Gas: Supplementary Charge’: www.gov.uk/guidance/oil-gas-and-mining-supplementary-charge
479 UK Oil and Gas Authority (2018), ‘UKCS Operating Costs Remain Stable With Slight Rise in 2017’: www.ogauthority.co.uk/news-publications/news/2018/ukcs-operating-costs-remain-stable-with-slight-rise-in-2017/
480 Office for Budget Responsibility (2022), ‘Oil and gas revenues’: obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/tax-by-tax-spend-by-spend/oil-and-gas-revenues/
481 The Guardian (2022), ‘Revealed: oil sector’s ‘staggering’ $3bn-a-day profits for last 50 years’: www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/revealed-oil-sectors-staggering-profits-last-50-years
482 Shell (2021), ‘Report on Payments to Governments’: www.shell.com/sustainability/transparency-and-sustainability-reporting/payments-to-governments/_jcr_content/par/textimage.stream/1648821895529/be3f2bc19cb9cdcdeaec6c11d996ed78ab398682/report-on-payments-to-government-2021.pdf
483 The Guardian (2022), ‘Big oil’s quarterly profits hit £50bn as UK braces for even higher energy bills’: www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/02/big-oil-profits-energy-bills-windfall-tax
484 Sky News (2022), ‘Cost of living: Shell boss calls on government to tax oil and gas companies to protect poorest’: news.sky.com/story/cost-of-living-shell-boss-calls-on-government-to-tax-oil-and-gas-companies-to-protect-poorest-12712013
485 North Sea Transition Authority (2022),: www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/7825/tax_table_october_2021.pdf
486 Scottish Govnerment (2022), ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/documents/
487 Reuters (2022), ‘UK considering big increase in energy windfall tax, sources say’: www.reuters.com/business/energy/uk-considering-big-increase-energy-windfall-tax-sources-say-2022-11-12/
488 ONS (2022), ‘Country and regional public sector finances, UK: financial year ending 2021’: www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/articles/countryandregionalpublicsectorfinances/financialyearending2021
489 Centre for European Reform (2022) ‘What can we know about the cost of Brexit so far?’: www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/policy-brief/2022/cost-brexit-so-far
490 CNN (2016) ‘Brexit Britain: Pound drops to $1.28’: money.cnn.com/2016/07/06/investing/brexit-pound-drops/
491 Huffington Post (2022) ‘Why Did The Pound Drop?’: www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/why-did-the-pound-sterling-drop-kwasi-kwarteng_uk_6332edb7e4b03e8038b6fc93
492 Independent (2021) ‘Brexit has worsened UK supply chain crisis, government’s spending watchdog says’ www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-has-worsened-uk-supply-chain-crisis-government-s-spending-watchdog-says-b1946394.html
493 Connexion France (2022) ‘Explainer: How has Brexit changed UK passport checks at EU borders?’: www.connexionfrance.com/article/French-news/Brexit/Explainer-How-has-Brexit-changed-UK-passport-checks-at-EU-borders
494 BVA (2022) ‘UK’s veterinary workforce crisis deepens as EU registrant numbers drop by over two-thirds since Brexit’: www.bva.co.uk/news-and-blog/news-article/uk-s-veterinary-workforce-crisis-deepens-as-eu-registrant-numbers-drop-by-over-two-thirds-since-brexit/
495 Electoral Reform (2022) ‘How are the members of upper houses chosen around the world’: www.electoral-reform.org.uk/how-are-the-members-of-upper-houses-chosen-around-the-world/
496 NS (2021) ‘Estimates of the population for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland’: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimates forukenglandandwalesscotland andnorthernireland
497 OECD (2017) ‘Pensions at a glance 2017’: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/pensions-at-a-glance-2017_pension_glance-2017-en
498 Scotianomics (2022) ‘Investigation into the requirement for and optimum level of a wellbeing pension’
499 TUC (2022) ‘Government must reverse decision to suspend pensions triple lock amid cost-of-living crisis- TUC’: www.tuc.org.uk/news/government-must-reverse-decision-suspend-pensions-triple-lock-amid-cost-living-crisis-tuc
500 FT (2022) ‘UK inflation accelerates to 41-year high of 11.1%’: www.ft.com/content/1fcc250c-c1c5-4820-a5f4-4e48662a73aa
501 Business for Scotland (2018) ‘BFS on currency and that key SNP conference vote’: www.businessforscotland.com/bfs-on-currency-and-that-key-snp-conference-vote/
502 Business for Scotland (2018) ‘BFS on currency and that key SNP conference vote’: www.businessforscotland.com/bfs-on-currency-and-that-key-snp-conference-vote/
503 The Herald (2022) ‘Independent Scotland’s armed forces would depend on UK divorce settlement’: www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20267967.independent-scotlands-armed-forces-depend-uk-divorce-settlement/
504 The House of Commons Library (2022) ‘Replacing the UK’s Nuclear Deterrent: Progress of the Dreadnought Class’: commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8010/
505 STUC (2015), ‘STUC launch new joint report Trident and Jobs, the case for a Scottish Defence Diversification Agency’: stuc.org.uk/media-centre/news/1155/stuc-launch-new-joint-report-trident
506 Author’s own calculations based on: Scottish Government (2022) ‘GDP Quarterly National Accounts: 2022 Quarter 2 (April to June)’: www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q2/; Scottish Government (2022) ‘Government Expenditure & Revenue Scotland (GERS) 2021-22- Public Sector Expenditure’: www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/pages/5/
507 Public Health Scotland (2022): ‘Scottish health service costs’: publichealthscotland.scot/publications/scottish-health-service-costs/scottish-health-service-costs-high-level-costs-summary-2020-to-2021/#:~:text=In%20financial%20year%202020%2F21%3A,%25%20compared%20to%202019%2F20.
508 FT (2022): ‘UK health spending over past decade lags behind Europe by £40bn a year’: www.ft.com/content/f752a1ad-4a23-408f-a549-4909974c6a2c
509 NHS digital (2022): ‘General Practice Workforce, 30 June 2022’:digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/general-and-personal-medical-services/30-june-2022; Public Health Scotland (2021): ‘General Practice – GP workforce and practice list size’: publichealthscotland.scot/publications/general-practice-gp-workforce-and-practice-list-sizes/general-practice-gp-workforce-and-practice-list-sizes-2011-2021/#:~:text=Main%20points,GPs%20compared%20to%20last%20year.; Gov.Wales (2022): ‘General practice workforce: as at 31 December 2021’: gov.wales/general-practice-workforce-31-december-2021-html#:~:text=In%20Wales%2C%20at%2031%20December,retainers%20and%20active%20locums%20only
510 Same source as above
511 Scottish Government (2019): ‘Scottish Health Survey colume 1 – main report’: www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-health-survey-2019-volume-1-main-report/pages/6/; NHS Digital (2022): ‘Dental Statistics for England – 2020/21 Annual Report’: digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-dental-statistics/2020-21-annual-report
512 Scottish Government (2021): ‘Nursing and midwifery student numbers to increase’: www.gov.scot/news/nursing-and-midwifery-student-numbers-to-increase/#:~:text=Overall%20this%20year’s%20increase%20will,from%204%2C206%20in%202020%2F21.; Nursing and Midwifery Council (2022): www.nmc.org.uk/about-us/reports-and-accounts/registration-statistics/
513 NHS Digital (2022): ‘Hospital Accident & Emergency Activity 2021-22’: digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/hospital-accident–emergency-activity/2021-22
514 Scottish Government (2021): ‘Nursing and midwifery student numbers to increase’: www.gov.scot/news/nursing-and-midwifery-student-numbers-to-increase/#:~:text=Overall%20this%20year’s%20increase%20will,from%204%2C206%20in%202020%2F21
515 Offshore Wind Scotland: ‘Offshore Wind Scotland’: www.offshorewindscotland.org.uk/; Wind Europe (2022): ‘Offshore Wind in EU Maritime Spatial Plans’: windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/product/offshore-wind-in-eu-maritime-spatial-plans/
516 Institution of Civil Engineers: ‘Hydroelectric Power Scotland’: www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/hydroelectric-power-scotland
517 SNP Westminster Parliamentary Group (2022): ‘The Economic Opportunity for Scotland from Renewable Energy & Green Technology’
518 Scottish Government (2021) ‘Annual Energy Statement and Quarterly Statistics Bulletin’ www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2018/10/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins/documents/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/energy-statistics-summary—december-2021/govscot%3Adocument/Scotland%2BEnergy%2BStats%2BQ3%2B2021.pdf
519 House of Commons Library (2022): ‘Domestic energy prices’: commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9491/#:~:text=gives%20more%20details.-,On%208%20September%20the%20Prime%20Minister%20announced%20that%20a%20new,the%20original%20Q4%202022%20cap
520 UK Government (2022): ‘UK Energy in Brief 2022’: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-energy-in-brief-2022
521 The Eco Experts (2022), ‘Why Scotland Should Have Cheaper Electricity Than England’: www.theecoexperts.co.uk/blog/scotland-electricity